Examples: The sheets whose southern boundary is 49° N. (i. e. 139 South Polar distance) and western boundary 2° E. (i. e. 182 from the antimeridian of Greenwich) will be numbered 139-182.

Or the sheet whose southern boundary is 36° S. (i. e. 54° South Polar distance) and western boundary 7° W. (i. e. 173° from the antimeridian of Greenwich) will be numbered 54-173.

9. The local aeronautical unit sheets shall show, as far as the data is known, the following:

a) Within the limiting Meridians and Parallels. -Twenty minute projection grid; roads divided into two classes according to their relative visibility from the air; railways of all kinds; cities and towns in outline and the plan of the principal public roads crossing them (villages similarly if practicable, otherwise their positions indicated); principal features of the surface water system; woodlands and other areas unsuitable for landing, aerodromes, hangars for airships, plants for balloons inflation, permanent landing places on ground and water, aeronautical ground marks; beacons and fixed navigational lights; marine lighthouses height, range at sea level, colour and character of the light); wireless stations, meteorologicall stations, overhead electric power lines; remarkable objects; national fronutiers; the frontier crossings for customs purposes pr escribed by Annex H (art. 2); prohibited areas; principal air routes; names of important bodies of water; towns, and important villages; the topographical relief by shading and figures indicating heights; the most important of which to be surrounded by an oval ring as 712

b) Outside the limiting Meridians and Parallels. A title, consisting of the name designating the locality and the index numbers of the sheet; a border scale graduated to minutes; the names of the neighbouring sheets; latitude, South Polar distance, old and new notation of longitude (see paragraph 7); scale of kilometres; legend of symbols in English or French and in the language of the country publishing the map; magnetic variation diagram; key map showing abridged numbers of the sheet concerned and the eight surrounding sheets; frontiers and the names of the countries, parts of which are embraced by the key map; publisher's name and date of publication.

10. The forms of the general and local maps, titles, marginal notations, diagrams and legends, shall be as shown by the accompanying illustrations.

11. The general and local aeronautical maps and guide books of the areas traversed by the most important routes which may be established by international agreement shall be prepared first.

Note. - On account of the inadequacy of the usual methods of topographie mapping for making aeronautical maps, it is strongly recommended that steps be taken to survey from the air the areas along the most important international routes. Such surveys would furnish indispensable information regarding the features necessary to be shown on the maps the aviator is to use.

II.

UNIVERSAL SYSTEM OF GROUND MARKS.

1. All ground marks shall conform with the scheme of numbering adopted for the unit sheets of the local international aeronautical maps.

For this purpose each mark shall shew (see the diagrams):

a) The abridged number which designates the sheet within which it lies;

b) An open rectangle, whose short sides shall be oriented north-south; the frames shall be open towards the opposite half of the unit sheet;

c) A dot indicating the approximate position of the mark on the north or south half of the corresponding unit sheet.

Arrangement of mark for south half of unit sheet. The short sides of the frame shall be oriented to north-south.

Arrangement of mark for north half of unit sheet having the saine orientation of short sides.

The number s shall be placed close to the frame at the top, bottom or sides, but not inside.

Where marks are placed so close to each other as to admit of possible confusion, the round dot may be replaced by a square, triangular or star-shaped dot.

It is recommended that the minimum dimensions of the marks be those indicated in the sketches.

2. Special attention shall be given to the distribution of marks along chosen international routes.

Note. - Steps to establish suitable marks for landing at night shall be eventually taken in accordance with the decision of the International Commission for Air Navigation.

ANNEX G.

COLLECTION AND DISSEMINATION OF METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION.

1. Nature and object of meteorological information to be furnished by Contracting States:

A. "Statistical" is required for the purpose of indicating the degree of safety and convemence of different routes or aerodromes for different types of aircraft.

It consists of:

 

a) Analysis and summaries of past meteorological records.

b) Summaries of current observations.

B."Current" is required for the purpose of:

a) Keeping a current record of the weather.

b) Making forecasts.

It consists of:

1. The result of daily observations,

2. Lists of active stations at which these observations are taken.

C. "Forecasts" are for the purpose of telling all concerned when and where flying is possible and the best conditions for the same. They are statements of conditions anticipated:

a) "Short period" during the next three or four hours.

b) "Normal" during the next 20 to 30 hours.

c) "Long period" during the next two or three days.

d) "Route" for particular region or route during the next six hours.

2. Methods and times of furnishing the different types of information:

A. "Statistical" is furnished by Central Meteorological Offices for general information.

a) Analysis and summaries of past records - by the publication of special handbooks giving averages, frequencies and extremes of the principal meteorological elements, together with charts and diagrams; prominence to be given to meteorological conditions of areas known to have special meteorological peculiarities.

b) Summaries of current observations - by the monthly publication of the information obtained each month.

B. "Current" is furnished by meteorological offices to meteorological offices.

a) Results of daily observations - telegraphically by:

1. Regular reports at fixed hours (see Appendix I) and.

2. By special reports at intermediate times when requested (see Appendix II).

b) Lists of stations whenever necessary, to keep other countries informed where observations are being taken, giving also local and topographical details affecting weather conditions at each station.

c) "Forecasts" are furnished by Meteoroiogical Offices for general information by publication in the public Press, telegraphic ally to other countries if required, or any other, the best, means to bring them to the notice of those requiring them (see Appendix III).

APPENDIX I.

REGULAR REPORTS.

These are of two kinds:

1. Individual station reports.

2. Collective station reports.

1. Individual station reports are the results of observations of individual stations, taken at 0100, 0700, 1300, and (1800 or) 1900 G. M. T. The reports are made as soon as the observation has been taken and are rendered to a central collecting station or office; where reports for only two of these hours are possible or sufficient, the hours should be separated by an interval of twelve hours. (It is recommended that the standard hours be changed to 0300, 0900, 1500 and 2100 G. M. T., by international agreement.)

Reports will give information on the following, whenerer possible:

1. Wind.

2. Pressure:

3. Temperature and humidity.

4. Fog and visibility.

5. Clouds.

6. Precipitation.

7. Thunderstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes, dust-storms.

8. Other weather phenomena.

9. State of sea,

and also on upper air currents and upper air temperature and humidity, from stations where facilities are available for observation.

Reports, will be made in the general form and in the codes given in Appendix IV.

2. Collective reports are a collection of the individual reports received by a central station or office and transmitted to other central offices. They are of three classes:

Class 1. The central office in this case is usually the main office of a country; it transmits its reports, within 1½ hours of the time the observations are taken at the individual stations, to all main offices of other countries within a radius of 1.500 kilometres.

Class 2. These are reports made for the purpose of giving countries over 1.500 kilometres distant information essential to making their own forecasts. The central office is that of a selected State which possesses a high-power wireless station capable of worldwide ranges (minimum range 3.000 kilometres). The report is made within three hours of the observations, and is a collection of reports selected from the Class 1 reports and abridged (see Appendix IV). It should include a forecast of conditions in the country of origin.

Class 3. These are local reports made by local centres to other local centres (any within 500 kilometres). The report is a collection of reports, selected from the Class 1 reports from stations in the vicinity and abridged (see Appendix IV). It is made within 30 minutes of the time of observation.

APPENDIX II.

SPECIAL REPORTS.

Special reports give the results of continuous observations at aerodromes having meteorological stations on recognised air routes. They are to be rendered within thirty minutes of a request from a central office on a specified aerodrome on the route. The maximum distance from which these reports will be required is 500 kilometres. The requests may take the form of a demand for hourly reports.

The reports are rendered by telephone or wireless, and may be from one country to another in the case of an international air route. The reports when made by telegram will be in the form and code given in Appendix IV.

APPENDIX III.

FORECASTS.

Short-period forecasts covering three to four hours will give a statement of the anticipated conditions of cloud, weather, surface wind and visibility, together with direction and speed of wind at heights of 1.000 and 2.000 metres, and an estimate of meteorological fitness for different types of aircraft.

Normal forecasts for twenty to thirty hours will give similar information, but in more general terms.

Long-period forecasts give a general statement of the prospects for the next two or three days.

Route forecasts are made twice daily by central offices from information received from individual stations and will give a statement of conditions anticipated in the different regions or routes of the country for about six hours ahead.

APPENDIX IV.

GENERAL FORM IN WHICH REPORTS ARE TO BE RENDERED AND CODES FOR THEIR TRANSMISSION.

Individual stations will be allotted station call signs, i. e., an index group of letters of figues which will be used, in all reports to indicate the station, and will also serve as the wireless call sign. These should be internationally distinct.

The general form is given in meteorological symbols or letters. For purposes of transmission an appropriate figure value is given to each symbol or letter in accordance with the codes given below.

METEOROLOGICAL SYMBOLS OR LETTERS AND THEIR SIGNIFICATION.

Standard symbols.

BBB - barometer reduced to sea level and expressed in millibars and tenths, i. e., corrected for temperature gravity and index error. The initial 9 or 10 is omitted.

DD = direction of wind (true direction as distinguished from magnetic) at a height of 10-15 metres above the surface expressed on scale 1-72 (see Code X).

F = force of wind on Beaufort scale (wind above force 9 to be specially noted at end of telegram).

ww = present weather (Code I).

TT = temperature in degrees A (0°A = - 273° C, 273°A = 0° C), first figure omitted.

A = Form of low cloud (Code III).

L = Amount of low cloud (in tenths of sky covered, amount 10 telegraphed as 0).

B = Form of medium or high cloud (Code III).

M = Amount of medium or high cloud in tenths.

h = Height of base of low cloud (Code IV) [a].

WW = Past weather (Code II).

V = Visibility (Code V).

H₁ = Relative humidity (Code VI).

S = State of sea (Code VII).

 = Characteristic of barometric tendency (Code IX).

bb = Amount of barometric tendency in half milibars per 3 hours; 50 added for negative tendencies.

F₁ = Fitness of weather conditions for flying machines (Code VIII) [a].

F₂ = Fitness of weather conditions for airships (Code VIII) [b].

RR = Rainfall: (i) in day (ii) in night; in milimetres and tenths.

MM = Maximum temperature in the day.

mm = Minimum temperature in the night.

X = Reserve figure.

SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR UPPER AIR CURRRENTS.

H = height (Code IV) [b].

DD = direction on scale 1-72 (i. e., to nearest 5°) [see Code X].

VV = speed in kilometres per hour (for speed above 99 K/hr use three figures.

SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR UPPER AIR TEMPERATUBE AND HUMIDITY.

p = height or pressure (Code IV) [c].

HH = actual percentage of relative humidity.

SPECIAL SYMBOL FOR COLLECTIVE REPORTS.

CLASSE 2.

BB = barometer in whole millibars with the initial 9 or 1.0 omitted.

GENERAL FORMS OF MESSAGES IN METEOROLOGICAL SYMBOLS.

Regular reports.

1. Individual station reports. - Station call sign followed by the following groups: -

BBBDD. - FwwTT. - ALBMh. - wwVHS. -  bbF₁F₂. - RRMMX (or RRmmX).

Additional two groups for reports from Stations having facilities for observations of upper air currents; the first of these being:

A five figure group to indicate that upper air current information is contained in the group which follows and which has the general form HDDVV.

Additional two groups for reports from stations having facilities for observations of upper air temperature and humidity; the first of these being: -

A five figure group to indicate that upper air temperature and humidity information is contained in the group which follows and which has the general form  TTHH.

(Note.-These indicative five figure groups would be better, from a signalling point of view, as a special Morse signal.)

2. Collective Station Reports, Class 1. - The individual, station reports are given in sequence in the same general foret as above. Upper air conditions are given at the end for those stations for which available: upper air currents being given only for the following heights, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 metres (see Code IV. [b] ).

Example of general foret of collective report (Class 1) giving information from four stations A, B, C, D, of which, stations B, C, have given upper air currents and stations B, D, upper air temperatures and humidity.

Call sign for "A" - BBBDD - FwwTT - ALBMh - wwVHS -  bbF₁F₂.

Call sign for "B" - BBBDD - FwwTT - ALBMh - wwVHS -  bbF₁F₂.

Call sign for "C" - BBBDD - FwwTT - ALBMh - wwVHS -  bbF₁F₂.

Call sign for "D" - BBBDD - FwwTT - ALBMh - wwVHS -  bbF₁F₂.

Group or signal indicating that upper air current information follows.

Call sign for "B" - HDDVV.

Call sign for "C" - HDDVV.

Group indicating that upper air temperautre and humidity information follows.

Call sign for "B" -  TTHH.

Call sign for "D" -  TTHH.

3. Collective station reports, Class 2. - The individual station reports are given in sequence in an abridged form as follows: Call sign for station - BBDDF - wwTTh - AL bb.

Upper air currents are given at the end of the telegram for heights 2000 and 5000 metres for selected stations.

Example of general form of collective report (Class 2) giving information from four stations A, B, C, D, of which stations "B", "C" are selected for upper air current conditions.

Call sign for "A" - BBDDF - wwTTh - AL bb.

Call sign for "B" - BBDDF - wwTTh - AL bb.

Call sign for "C" - BBDDF - wwTTh - AL bb.

Call sign for "D" - BBDDF - wwTTh - AL bb.

Group indicating that upper air current information follows.

Call sign for "B" - HDDVV.

Call sign for "C" - HDDVV.

Forecast of conditions in country of origin.

4. Collective Station Reports, Class 3. - The individual station reports are given in sequence in an abridged foret as follows: -

Call sign of station - DDFF_lF₂ - ALBMh - wwWWV.

Note 1. - The general form for transmission "of special reports" and of forecasts has not yet been formulated.

Note 2. - Observations from ships at sea and the transmission of such observations require special arrangements which it has not yet been possible to formulate. Similarly for observation from aircraft and their transmission.

CODES.

Code I. - Present Weather.-ww.

Note. - 00 to 49 weather without precipitation. 50 to 70 and 77 to 97 with precipitation.

In Codes I and II, r = rain, d = drizzle, h = hail, s = snow, rs = sleet, tlr = thunder-storm, e = wet air, f = fog (see Code V).

No Mist or Fog.
00	Absolutely cloudless
01	Cloud less than ½.
02	About ½ clouded
03	About ¾ clouded.
04	Overcast, but small amount of blue visible.
05	Absolutely overcast.

Haze, Mist or Fog, but no precipitation
06	Overcast		and	1f.
07	-		-	2f.
08	-		-	3f.
09	-		-	4f.
10	-		-	5f.
11	-		-	6f.
12	-		-	7f.
13	-		-	8f.
14	Haze	1f.
15	-	2f.
16	Fog	3f.
17	-	4f.
18	-	5f.
19	-	6f.
20	-	7f.
21	-	8f.
22	Mist-	1f.
23	-	2f.
24	Fog	3f.
25	-	4f.
26	-	5f.
27	-	6f.
28	-	7f.
29	-	8f.

Special Phenomena without precipitation.

30	e (wet air).
31	Exceptional visibility.
32	Dust Haze.
33	Dew.
34	Hoar Frost.
35	Rime.
36	Glazed Frost.
37	Glazed Roads.
38	Solar Halo.
39	Lunar Halo.
40	Solar Corona.
41	Lunar Corona.
42	Aurora.
43	Squalls.
44	Gale
45	Gloom.
46	Ugly: threatening.
47	Thunder.
48	Lightning.
49	Thunder and Lightning.

 

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